4th Amendment of the US Constitution: Search and Seizure (74-page analysis hosted on the Government Printing Office website)
Applicability of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act's Notification Provision to Security Clearance Adjudications by the Department of Justice Access Review Committee (Memorandum Opinion, Caroline D. Krass, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, June 3, 2011)
A Review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Activities Under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Amendments Act of 2008 (Oversight and Review Division, Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, September 2012)
Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, January 23, 2014)
NSA's Implementation of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Section 702 (NSA Director of Civil Liberties and Privacy Office Report, April 16, 2014)
Memorandum Opinion and Order (United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, November 6, 2015)
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Public Laws
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Public Law 90-351) (Wiretap Act begins with Title III, page 17 of pdf file)
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-511)
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required To Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-56)
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 (Public Law 102-61)
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Congressional hearings (transcripts in pdf format)
Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (Serial No. 115-2, March 1, 2017), Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives.
The Surveillance Transparency Act of 2013 (Serial No. J-113-40, November 13, 2013, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate.
FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (Serial No. 112-129, May 31, 2012) Hearing before Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security on the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives
Warrantless Surveillance and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: The Role of Checks and Balances in Protecting Americans' Privacy Rights (Part I) (Serial No. 110-78, September 5, 2007) Hearing before the House Judiciary Committee
Warrantless Surveillance and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: The Role of Checks and Balances in Protecting Americans' Privacy Rights (Part II) (Serial No. 110-79, September 18, 2007) Hearing before the House Judiciary Committee
Modernization of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (S. Hrg. 110-399, May 1, 2007) Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the US Senate
Implementation of the USA Patriot Act: Section 218 - Foreign Intelligence Information ("The Wall") (Serial No. 109-16, April 28, 2005) Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the US House Judiciary Committee
Implementation of the USA Patriot Act: Sections of the Act that Address the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) (Serial No. 109-17, April 26 and 28, 2005) Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the US House Judiciary Committee
Anti-Terrorism Investigations and the Fourth Amendment after September 11, 2001 (Serial No. 35, May 20, 2003) Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the US House Judiciary Committee
The USA Patriot Act in Practice: Shedding Light on the FISA Process (S. Hrg. 107-947, September 10, 2002) Hearing before the US Senate Judiciary Committee
Oversight Hearing on Counterterrorism (S. Hrg. 107-920, June 6, 2002)(includes a copy of the Woods Procedures, beginning on page 264 of the pdf file) Hearing before the US Senate Judiciary Committee
Protecting Constitutional Freedoms in the Face of Terrorism (S. Hrg. 107-610, October 3, 2001) Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Federalism, and Property Rights of the US Senate Judiciary Committee
S. 1448, The Intelligence to Prevent Terrorism Act of 2001 and Other Legislative Proposals in the Wake of the September 11, 2001 Attacks (S. Hrg. 107-449, September 24, 2001) Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the US Senate
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Journal ArticlesExecutive Authority for National Security Surveillance (American University Law Review, vol 50, no. 1, 2000)
The System of Foreign Intelligence Law (George Washington Law Review, vol. 72, 2004)
Reconstructing Electronic Surveillance Law (2004)
The Ear of Dionysus: Rethinking Foreign Intelligence Surveillance (2007)
The Revamped FISA: Striking a Better Balance Between the Government’s Need to Protect Itself and the 4th Amendment (2005)
The Death of FISA, Williams, C. Banks, 91 Minnesota Law Review 1209 (2007)Shifting the FISA Paradigm: Protecting Civil Liberties by Eliminating Ex Ante Judicial Approval , 121 Harvard Law Review 2200, 2008)
FISA’s Future: An Analysis of Electronic Surveillance in Light of the Special Needs Exception to the Fourth Amendment (2007)Leaving FISA Behind: The Need To Return to Warrantless Foreign Intelligence Surveillance (2003)
Reviving Telecommunications Surveillance Law (2008)
The USA PATRIOT Act and the Submajoritarian Fourth Amendment (2006)
Fixing FISA for Long War: Regulating Warrantless Surveillance in the Age of Terrorism (2006)
Electronic Surveillance of Terrorism: The Intelligence/Law Enforcement Dilemma - A History William Funk. 11 Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 1099 (2007)
Wiretapping before the Wires: The Post Office and Birth of Communications Privacy, Anuj C. Desai, 60 Stan. L. Rev. 553 (2007)
The FISA Wall and Federal Investigations, Cedric Logan, 4 New York University Journal of Law & Liberty 209 (2009).
What Really is At Stake with the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 and Ideas for Future Surveillance Reform, Stephanie Cooper Blum, 18 Public Interest Law Journal 269 (2009)
FISA's Significant Purpose Requirement and the Government's Ability to Protect National Security, Scott J. Glick, 1 Harvard National Security Journal 87 (2010).
Time to Rewrite the Ill-Conceived and Dangerous Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Ronald J. Sievert, 2 NAT'L SEC. L.J. 47 (2014).
FISA Reform, Laura K. Donohue, 10 J.L. & Pol'y for Info. Soc'y 1-32 (2014)
The Power to Appoint FISA Judges: Evaluating Legislative Proposals to Reform 50 U.S.C. § 1803 and Improve the Surveillance Court, 51 Harvard Journal on Legislation 365 (2014).
FISA's Fuzzy Line between Domestic and International Terrorism, Nick Harper, 81 University of Chicago Law Review 1123 (2014).
Defining "Foreign Affairs" in Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act: The Virtues and Deficits of Post-Snowden Dialogue on U.S. Surveillance Policy, Peter Margulies, 72 Washington and Lee Law Review 1283 (2015)
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and the Separation of Powers, Scott A. Boykin, 38 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 33 (2015).
American Surveillance of Non-U.S. Persons: Why New Privacy Protections Offer Only Cosmetic Change, Daniel Severson, 56 Harvard International Law Journal 465 (2015).
The Curious and Questionable History of FISA: From Richard Nixon and George W. Bush to Edward Snowden, The Federal Lawyer, July 2016.
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What Went Wrong with the FISA Court (Elizabeth Goitein and Faiza Patel, Brennan Center for Justice, 2015)
Modernizing the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (David Kris)
Re: Constitutionality of Amending Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act to Change the "Purpose " Standard for Searches (Memo from John Yoo, Deputy Assistant Attorney General to David Kris, Associate Deputy Attorney General, 10/25/2001)
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (Seminar on Intelligence, Command, and Control, Harvard University, September 2007, interview with James A. Baker)
FISA Implementation Failures (February 2003)
Transcript: Debate on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (question and answer session with National Intelligence Director Mike McConnell.)
FISA Flowchart
FISA Diagram
News, commentary, and links to sources relevant to the legal aspects of foreign intelligence-gathering.
