HUMINT: Interrogation

Executive Order 13491 - Ensuring Lawful Interrogations (January 27, 2009) (original found in the Federal Register)

Key Language:
(b) Interrogation Techniques and Interrogation-Related Treatment. Effective immediately, an individual in the custody or under the effective control of an officer, employee, or other agent of the United States Government, or detained within a facility owned, operated, or controlled by a department or agency of the United States, in any armed conflict, shall not be subjected to any interrogation technique or approach, or any treatment related to interrogation, that is not authorized by and listed in Army Field Manual 2-22.2 (Manual). Interrogation techniques, approaches, and treatments described in the Manual shall be implemented strictly in accord with the principles, processes, conditions, and limitations the Manual prescribes.

FM 2-22.3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations, Department of the Army (2006) 

CIA Inspector General Report, Counterterrorism, Detention, and Interrogation Activities, September 2001 - October 2003 (heavily redacted) 

FBI, Guantanamo Bay Inquiry 

Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, Investigation into the Office of Legal Counsel's Memoranda Concerning Issues Relating to the Central Intelligence Agency's Use of "Enhanced Interrogation Techniques" on Suspected Terrorists, July 29, 2009

The Interrogation Documents: Debating U.S. Policy and Methods, The National Security Archive



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Congressional Bills: Proposed and Enacted

112th Congress 

S.548 : Effective Interrogation of Unprivileged Enemy Belligerents Act

S.614 : Securing Terrorist Intelligence Act 



111th Congress

S.147 -- Lawful Interrogation and Detention Act

S.248 -- Limitations on Interrogation Techniques Act of 2009

S.3081 -- Enemy Belligerent Interrogation, Detention, and Prosecution Act of 2010

H.R.591 -- Interrogation and Detention Reform Act of 2008

H.R.893 -- American Anti-Torture Act of 2009

H.R.2544 -- Legal Interrogation Procedures Act, To require the intelligence community to use only methods of interrogation authorized by the United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations

H.R.374 -- Lawful Interrogation and Detention Act

H.R.2983 -- Detainee Interrogation Recording Act, To require the videotaping or electronic recording of strategic intelligence interrogations of persons in the custody of or under the effective control of the Department of Defense, and for other purposes.

H.R.4503 -- Ensuring the Collection of Critical Intelligence Act of 2010.
Key Language:
2) INTERROGATION - Before any officer or employee of the Department of Justice engages in any interrogation of an alien in a criminal investigation or prosecution of a terrorist offense, the Attorney General, Deputy Attorney General, or Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, shall consult with the Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense about how to proceed in that interrogation so as to enable each such official to carry out that official's responsibilities in a manner consistent with national security.

H.R.4892 -- Enemy Belligerent Interrogation, Detention, and Prosecution Act of 2010



110th Congress 

S.1876 -- National Security with Justice Act of 2007

S.3386 -- Limitations on Interrogation Techniques Act of 2008

S.3437 -- Restoring America's Integrity Act. To limit the use of certain interrogation techniques, to require notification of the International Committee of the Red Cross of detainees, to prohibit interrogation by contractors, and for other purposes.

S.1943 -- To establish uniform standards for interrogation techniques applicable to individuals under the custody or physical control of the United States Government

H.R.1352 -- Torture Outsourcing Prevention Act

H.R.4114 -- American Anti-Torture Act of 2007

H.R.4660 -- Detainee Interrogation Recording Act of 2007

H.R.7056 -- Interrogation and Detention Reform Act of 2008



109th Congress

P.L. 109-163, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, "Detainee Treatment Act of 2005" Sections 1401-1406 of this Act

Sec. 1402. Uniform standards for the interrogation of persons under the detention of the Department of Defense.
(a) IN GENERAL.—No person in the custody or under the effective
control of the Department of Defense or under detention in
a Department of Defense facility shall be subject to any treatment
or technique of interrogation not authorized by and listed in the
United States Army Field Manual on Intelligence Interrogation.
(b) APPLICABILITY.—Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect
to any person in the custody or under the effective control of
the Department of Defense pursuant to a criminal law or immigration law of the United States.
(c) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section shall be construed
to affect the rights under the United States Constitution of any
person in the custody or under the physical jurisdiction of the
United States.

SEC. 1403. PROHIBITION ON CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT OF PERSONS UNDER CUSTODY OR CONTROL OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.
(a) IN GENERAL.—No individual in the custody or under the physical control of the United States Government, regardless of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.
(b) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to impose any geographical limitation on the applicability of the prohibition against cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment under this section.
(c) LIMITATION ON SUPERSEDURE.—The provisions of this section shall not be superseded, except by a provision of law enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act which specifically repeals, modifies, or supersedes the provisions of this section.
(d) CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT
DEFINED.—In this section, the term ‘‘cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment’’ means the cruel, unusual, and inhumane treatment or punishment prohibited by the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, as defined in the United States Reservations, Declarations and Understandings to the United Nations Convention
Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment done at New York, December 10, 1984.

H.R. 112, To require the videotaping of interrogations and other pertinent actions between a detainee or prisoner in the custody or under the effective control of the armed forces of the United States pursuant to an  interrogation, or other pertinent interaction, for the purpose of gathering intelligence and a member of the armed forces of the United States, an intelligence operative of the United States, or a contractor of the United States.

H.R.3985 -- Interrogation Procedures Act of 2005



108th Congress

H.R.4674 -- To prohibit the return of persons by the United States, for purposes of detention, interrogation, or trial, to countries engaging in torture or other inhuman treatment of persons.

H.R. 4728, Promoting Responsible Interrogation Standards Enforcement Act of 2004

H.R. 4951, To require the videotaping of interrogations and other pertinent actions between a detainee or prisoner in the custody or under the effective control of the armed forces of the United States pursuant to an interrogation, or other pertinent interaction, for the purpose of gathering intelligence and a member of the armed forces of the United States, an intelligence operative of the United States, or a contractor of the United States.
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Congressional Hearings

U.S. Interrogation Policy and Executive Order 13440, Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session, September 25, 2007

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Books

Interrogation: World War II, Vietnam, and Iraq,  National Defense Intelligence College Press (2008)

Educing Information - Interrogation: Science and Art, National Defense Intelligence College Press (2006)



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Journal Articles

Christian Meissner et al, Criminal versus HUMINT interrogations: The importance of psychological science to improving interrogative practice, Journal of Psychiatry & Law

Phillipe Sands, Torture Team: The Responsibility of Lawyers for Abusive Interrogation , Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol 9, issue 2 (2008)


Jenny-Brooke Condon, Extraterritorial Interrogation: The Porous Border Between Torture and U.S. Criminal Trials, 60 Rutgers Law Review 647 (2008)

Steven Miles, Medical Ethics and the Interrogation of Guantanamo 063, The American Journal of Bioethics, 7(4): 1-7, 2007.

Philip Mullenix, Interrogation Strategies for an Unconventional Extremist Enemy, Journal of the American Polygraph Association, vol 36, no. 3, 121-132 (October 2007) 

Isaac Linnartz,The Siren Song of Interrogational Torture: Evaluating the U.S. Implementation of the U.N. Convention Against Torture, 57 Duke Law Journal 1485 (2008)

J. Trevor Ulbrick,Tortured Logic: The (Il)legality of United States Interrogation Practices in the War on Terror, 4 Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 210 (2005)

William Ranney Levi, Interrogation's Law, 118 Yale Law Journal 101  (2009) 

Stephan Kershnar, For Interrogational Torture, International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 19:2 (2005)

John Wahlquist, Enhancing Interrogation: Advancing a New Agenda, Parameters, Summer 2009, 38-51

Eric Posner, Adrian Vermeule, Should Coercive Interrogation Be Legal?, 104  Mich. L. Rev. 671 (2006)

Colb, Sherry F., "Why is Torture Different and How Different Is It?" (2009). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. Paper 15

Eler, Jennifer (2010) "Rights Trump Torture: How Dworkin’s System of Rights Should Include a Right not to be Tortured and Defeat Ticking Time-Bomb Scenario Type Arguments," Macalester Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 19: Iss. 1, Article 6. 

Amos N. Guiora & Erin M. Page, The Unholy Trinity: Intelligence, Interrogation and Torture, 37 CASE W. RES. J. INT’L L. 427 (2006)

Deborah Pearlstein, Finding Effective Constraints on Executive Power: Detention, Interrogation, and Torture, 81 Indiana Law Journal 1255 (2006)

Richard Conti, The Psychology of False Confessions, The Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology, vol. 2, no. 1, 14-36 (1999)

Rory Stephen Brown, Torture, Terrorism, and the Ticking Bomb: A Principled Response, 4 J. INT’L L. &POL’Y 4:1 (2007)

Bernhard Schlink, The Problem with "Torture Lite", 29 Cardozo L. Rev. 85 (2007)

Adam Raviv, Torture and Justification: Defending the Indefensible, 13 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 135 (2004)

Larry May, Torturing Detainees During Interrogation, 19 International Journal of Applied Philosophy, no. 2, 193-208 (2005)

Walter Enders and Paan Jindapon, On the Economics of Interrogation: The Big 4 Versus the Little Fish Game (June 21, 2010)

Saul Kassin et al, Behavioral Confirmation in the Interrogation Room: On the Dangers of Presuming Guilt, Law and Human Behavior, vol. 27, no. 2, 187-203 (April 2003)


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Reports

Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality, Human Rights First (August 2007)

Legal Standards and the Interrogation of Prisoners in the War on Terror, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2007)
  
Guantánamo and Its Aftermath: U.S. Detention and Interrogation Practices, Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley et al.  (November 2008) 

Human Rights Standards Applicable to the United States' Interrogation of Detainees, Association of the Bar of the City of New York 

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Court Decisions
HCJ 5100/94    Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. The State of Israel (Supreme Court of Israel, 2005)

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Other Materials

K. Krewer, The "Torture Memos": A Failure of Strategic Leadership, Master's Thesis, U.S. Army War College (2009) 

Stuart Taylor, Jr. and Benjamin Wittes, Looking Forward, Not Backward: Refining American Interrogation Law,  A Working Paper of the Series on Counterterrorism and American Statutory Law, a joint project of the Brookings Institution, the Georgetown University Law Center, and the Hoover Institution (May 10, 2009)

Inside the Interrogation of Detainee 063, Time Magazine, Sunday, Jun. 12, 2005